Cleopatra was of Macedonian descent and had little, if any, Egyptian blood, although the Classical author Plutarch wrote that she alone of her house took the trouble to learn Egyptian and, for political reasons, styled herself as the new Isis, a title that distinguished her from the earlier Ptolemaic queen Cleopatra III, who had also claimed to be the living embodiment of the goddess Isis. When you think of Cleopatra, theres likely just one Egyptian queen that comes to mind. In keeping with this custom, Cleopatra eventually married both of her adolescent brothers, each of whom served as her ceremonial spouse and co-regent at different times during her reign. For Cleopatra, there is nothing as vivid as those few lines of Germanicus speech uttered as he stepped off the boat. She spoke (at least) a dozen languages, was well-versed in mathematics, philosophy, and astronomy. which seemed like something of a habit for her. Who was Cleopatras Last Lover before her death? Cleopatra, clever and charming, certainly knew how to make an entrance. Cleopatra and Antony famously took their own lives in 30 BCE after they lost the famous naval battle at Actium to Octavians forces. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". The pair battled it out during a civil war, but Cleopatra regained the upper hand by partnering with Julius Caesar. 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Cleopatras family, the Ptolemies, migrated to Egypt from Greece. Cleopatra and Antony famously took their own lives in 30 B.C., after Octavians forces pursued them to Alexandria. That means that for those 300 years, the person ruling the Egyptians didnt even speak their language. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. So how did Plutarch know this? Ancient writer Plutarch claimed that while Cleopatras beauty was not altogether incomparable, it was her charisma (or, as he put it, irresistible charm) that made her desirable. Julius Caesar, in particular, had an eye on Egypts wealth, needing it to support expensive Roman battles. It is almost certain that she did not even meet Antony until 41 BC, which would give a period of nine years at most, even on the most generous interpretation of ruling together. Whatever accounts for the error in Plutarchs text (maybe a medieval copyist simply miscopied the figure, or maybe Plutarch himself got it wrong), the standard scholarly confidence that Cleopatra was born in 69 is just one of the many examples where modern biographers cherry-pick the parts of an ancient text that suit them and turn a blind eye to those that do not. Antony, now controller of Romes eastern territories, sent for Cleopatra so that she might explain her role in the aftermath of Caesars assassination. Or, see all newsletter options here. One of the most expensive beauty secrets of Cleopatra was that she slept with a golden mask on her face. The 18-year-old Cleopatra, older than her brother by about eight years, became the dominant ruler. Cleopatra by John William Waterhouse, 1888. (She was known to conceal a poison in one of her hair combs. Verified account Protected Tweets @; Suggested users She was the daughter of Ptolemy XII Auletes (flute player, the nickname said to refer to his chubby cheeks), but the identity of her mother is a mystery, as is the date of her birth. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Cleopatra and her son were now co-regents. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. . Cleopatra VII's portrait on a coin. Upon her arrival, this hairstyle was adopted by Roman women along with Cleopatras makeup and signature pearl jewelry. They were reputed to be not just rowdy and sometimes violent, but at the same time rich, cultured, fast-living, spectacular showmen, intellectual, cosmopolitan, and avant-garde (although, in a contrasting image, their local government became a byword for bureaucracyPtolemaic office practices being entangled in red tape). Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Cleopatra was never one to be casual about anything. Foreign Influence Why would an Egyptian queen bear a Greek name, you ask? Following the war, Cleopatra remarried her other younger brother, Ptolemy XIV. The pair loved playing games and pranks with one another, and one in particular has become the stuff of legend. She was accommodated in Caesars private villa beyond the Tiber River and may have been present to witness the dedication of a golden statue of herself in the temple of Venus Genetrix, the ancestress of the Julian family to which Caesar belonged. Like most other modern writers, Schiff takes this account as vivid testimony of the extravagant pageantry that was laid on by the Ptolemaic court. Consider the dramatic way she introduced herself to Julius Caesar and Mark Antony. While she gave them a good fight, she ultimately lost the battle. Just months after her father died and she took the throne, 18-year-old Cleopatra made it clear that she had no intention of sharing power with her younger brother (Ptolemy XIII). 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Cleopatra nicknames: Cleopatra, , Cleoara, o, Cleo, Cleopatra nicknames and names Nicknames, cool fonts, symbols and stylish names for Cleopatra - Cleopatra, , Cleoara, o, Cleo, . This is partly because, despite some sharp flashes of insight, her grip on the history, culture, and law of the Greco-Roman world is not always as firm as it might be. Antony helped her to protect her crown, while Cleopatra provided him access to Egypts riches and resources. Once again, she prepared to take her own life, and this time, she was successful. This was followed by a celebration known as the Donations of Alexandria. Crowds flocked to the Gymnasium to see Cleopatra and Antony seated on golden thrones on a silver platform with their children sitting on slightly lower thrones beside them. Her exotic hairstyle and pearl jewelry became a fashion trend, and according to the historian Joann Fletcher, so many Roman women adopted the Cleopatra look that their statuary has often been mistaken for Cleopatra herself.. It does not store any personal data. Ptolemy XIII drowned in the Nile River after being defeated in battle. For there had been the ancient equivalent of a brain-drain to Ptolemaic Alexandria. Cleopatra began to prepare her son Caesarion to become the sole ruler of Egypt, and planned to sail to a foreign port and away from all the scandal and violence that had punctuated her reignbut it wasnt meant to be. Nickname GOLDEN has average 13 hints, already more 113 views. How long can a foreign object stay in your ear? Indeed, in 53 BC, Cleopatra had fled . Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. At Factinate, were dedicated to getting things right. She experimented with practical alchemy but is also credited as one of the four female alchemists who could produce the Philosopher's stone. After the Roman armies of Octavian (the future emperor Augustus) defeated their combined forces, Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide, and Egypt fell under Roman domination. The bejeweled MacGuffins of Netflix's Red Notice, golden eggs belonging to Cleopatra VII, are fictional. encounter with Mark Antony. Cleopatra's father's name was Ptolemy XII. Caesar sought money for repayment of the debts incurred by Cleopatras father, Auletes, as he struggled to retain his throne. Casa Buonarroti, Florence/Bridgeman Art Library, Cleopatra; drawing by Michelangelo, sixteenth century. It was a horrible mistake. Cleopatra fancied herself the reincarnation of the Egyptian goddess Isis. This was the only province of the Roman Empire to which such travel restrictions applied. Finally, she went where she knew she would have at leastsomepowerback to Egypt, where she was co-regent with her younger brother/husband, Ptolemy XIV. He took the name Emperor Augustus, and he carried a statue of her through Romes streets every August in triumph. Also bogus. Take, for example, that leopard-skin wine-sack, whose contents dribbled out along the road (presumably, we are meant to imagine, into the cups and flagons of the spectators). In Alexandria, Cleopatra and Antony formed a society of inimitable livers whose members lived what some historians have interpreted as a life of debauchery and folly and others have interpreted as lives dedicated to the cult of the mystical god Dionysus. First, she had Mark Antony alerted that shed died by her own hand. What kind of language did Cleopatra speak and write? But it gets even weirder. Another was the wine-sack made of leopard skin and holding 3,000 measures, which gradually released its contents onto the processional route. Thanks for your time! According to lore, Cleopatra and Mark Antony enjoyed dressing up in disguise and wandering Rome while playing pranks on its unwitting citizens. Cleopatra not only adopted the Egyptian religion and worshiped traditional Egyptian gods, she actually believed she was one of them. They had another son they named Ptolemy Philadelphus. More than a little annoying, since shed already been working alongside her father for years, but that wasnt the worst part. This produces dramatic photographs of barnacle-infested sculpture emerging from the sea, but does little to give a clear chronology of the ancient citystill less to give a picture of what it would have looked liked, and quite how lavish it really was. Even without a turbulent queen, Egypt was always liable to be trouble. Cleopatra was hailed as queen of kings, Caesarion as king of kings. Thats not to say she wasnt irresistible in her own way. Whatsoever, her beauty secrets are well versed as they are well documented. We do not know. But these modern versions draw on an ancient mythology that goes back ultimately to the propaganda campaigns of the emperor Augustus, whose own reign was founded on the defeat of the Egyptian Cleopatra (in truth she was, almost certainly, ethnically Greek) and Mark Antony. In Cleopatra: A Life Stacy Schiff vividly captures the glamour and larger-than-life reputation of ancient Alexandria. Cleopatra and Mark Antony had three sons together. Roman reinforcements arrived the following spring, and Ptolemy XIII fled and drowned in the Nile. Rome at the time, despite its enormous population and its political and military dominance over most of the Mediterranean, looked more like a provincial backwater, for the most part a jumble of twisting lanes and densely packed tenementsits public buildings decidedly unimpressive by Alexandrian standards. But her honest profession of ignorance is the prologue to several paragraphs on what birthing procedures and infant care would have been like at the time (including cutting the umbilical cord with an obsidian knife and the qualities of midwives)and then on whether Cleopatra would have had access to reliable contraception had she so chosen. T he love affair of Cleopatra VII, Queen of Egypt (69-30 BC), and Marcus Antonius, Roman triumvir (83-30 BC) is legendary. Your suggestions can be as general or specific as you like, from Life to Compact Cars and Trucks to A Subspecies of Capybara Called Hydrochoerus Isthmius. Well get our writers on it because we want to create articles on the topics youre interested in. His marriage to Octavia now an irrelevance, he returned to the east and reunited with Cleopatra. So is the description an exaggeration? Never the shrinking violet, Cleopatra was presented with her own fleet of warships during the Battle of Actium in 31 BC. When she faced him, hed seized her palace and her three sons, but she refused to back down, telling him I will not be led in a triumph.. That is certainly true; in fact, we do not even know in which year the child was born (or if he was really Caesars son). Originally pharaonic obelisks made about 1450 BC, they were later transferred, perhaps by Augustus, to form the entrance to the shrine of Julius Caesar in Alexandria, which had almost certainly been planned and inaugurated by Cleopatra before her death. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cleopatra-queen-of-Egypt, Jewish Virtual Library - Biography of Cleopatra, LiveScience - Cleopatra: Facts and Biography, Ancient History Encyclopedia - Biography of Cleopatra VII, Cleopatra - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Cleopatra - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. In short, Antony was a goner. Reportedly, she was fastidious about the way she looked and dipped into the nations treasury to maintain her grooming habits and lavish lifestyle. She's not actually Egyptian. The boys sister, Cleopatra Selene, was to be ruler of Cyrene. Archaeologists continue to search for it. A fragment of a Ptolemaic relief believed to show Queen Cleopatra. Her multilingual tongue meant that she could speak to generals and rulers of other countries without an interpreter, which would have given her an upper hand. One particularly puzzling case is a famous procession in honor of the god Dionysus, sponsored in the early third century BC by one of Cleopatras predecessors on the throne, Ptolemy II Philadelphus (sister-lover). Cleopatra was born in the year 69 BCE, 2,491 years after the completion of the Great Pyramid of Giza in 2560 B.C.E. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Did Caesar really give Cleopatra the nickname "golden mouth . As a part of this, might somebody have remembered some rumor they had heard about Caesar's pet names for Cleopatra back from when she was Caesar's mistress prior to his death? Ouch, man. For those keeping tally, she had a hand in the deaths of three of her siblings. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. If this was the case, whether it was self-administered or given to her by someone else may never be known. Going along with her shenanigans, Caesar commissioned a gold statue of Cleopatra which was erected in the temple of Venus in Rome. Cleopatra plucked a priceless pearl from her earrings and dropped it into the vinegar. 4 Why was Cleopatra considered to be a god? Its a good thing that Cleopatra had this experience under her belt because when her father Pharaoh Ptolemy XII died, she was more than prepared. She was 39 and had been a queen for 22 years and Antonys partner for 11. Want to tell us to write facts on a topic? Emma Taggart is a Contributing Writer at My Modern Met. So, she married himafter all, it had worked with the last brother. The name Cleopatra has become synonymous with exotic beauty and allure, but the real Cleopatras beauty was further down the list of her charms. As a member, you'll join us in our effort to support the arts. German historian Christoph Schaefer has offered yet another theory: The queen may have used a potent mixture of opium, hemlock, and wolfsbane a potion likely tested on a few unfortunate souls to ensure it was pain-free. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. She has a refreshing, outsiders perspective on this period of Mediterranean history, and plenty of pithy phrases to match. Sources: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 42 Astonishing Yet Authentic Facts From The Annals of History, Bone-Chilling Moments We'll Never Be Able To Explain, Cary Grant Hid A Lifetime Of Heartache Behind His Debonair Smile, Lawyers Reveal Their Most Jaw-Dropping Court Cases, Stay Out Of The Woods: Campers And Hikers Share Their Creepiest Experiences, Stabbed In The Back: These Real-Life Betrayals Are Straight Up Brutal. Caesar and Cleopatra became lovers and spent the winter besieged in Alexandria. News about upcoming issues, contributors, special events, online features, and more. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. In one account, he was taken to her side while still barely alive, where he told her that he had one ally left from Octavians side, and that she should trust him. Yes, thats Ptolemy the brother-lover. One such writer is famous playwright George Bernard Shaw, whose 1901 Caesar and Cleopatra chronicles the relationship of the two lovers. His reaction was utterly heartless. Did Caesar really give Cleopatra the nickname golden mouth for her oral sex skills? Cleopatra was actually the seventh woman in the Ptolemaic dynasty to bear the name. With this, Cleopatra knew what she had to do, and began to form her devious plan. Aided by Julius Caesar, her lover, she returned to power upon her brothers death in 47. Receiving the false news that Cleopatra had died, Antony fell on his sword. In one of Antony and Cleopatras elaborate contests, she bet him that she could throw the most expensive dinner in history. Plutarch explains that a young medical student, Philotas, was there and witnessed life below stairs. Instead of going on to reign over Rome for more than forty years, in al-Masudis history, Octavian died in Alexandria from the venomthough it took a full day to work, during which time he wrote a poem about what had happened both to himself and to Cleopatra. The sculpture was made by Franciszek Pinck (1733-1798). What was a nickname for Cleopatra? Evidence shows that the first decree in which Ptolemys name precedes Cleopatras was in October of 50 bce. All Rights Reserved. It is, however, much harder to get a clear picture of Alexandrian society more generally, partly because it is now almost impossible to decide which of the ancient stories about Ptolemaic extravagance and spectacle are more or less true, and which are the product of the ancient myth of Alexandriaa city in which, as many ancient writers (Alexandrian and others) loved to fantasize, everything was dazzling, expensive, and brilliantly out of proportion. The pair became lovers in 41 BC and returned to Alexandria together. However, they appear to be based on real lost treasures. Was it just a clich of royal extravagance? While Roman historian Dio Cassius described Cleopatra as a woman of surpassing beauty, a number of modern historians have characterized her as less than exceptionally attractive. The Meeting of Antony and Cleopatra, 41 BCE. by Lawrence Alma Tadema, 1885. As part of this settlement, he married Octavians sister, Octavia (Fulvia having died). The conflict reached its climax the following year in a famous naval battle at Actium. Their daughter, Cleopatra Selene, became an important ruler in her own right. It is a useful assemblage of references to womens medicine in antiquity, but has nothing at all to do with Cleopatra. In it, he complains about his long sea journey and the fact that he has been torn from the embrace of my father and grandma and mother and brothers and sisters and children and intimate friends (a rather cozier view of imperial family life than Tacitus offersand especially striking when you recall that his grandma was the notoriously scheming empress Livia). Following the war, Cleopatra remarried to her younger brother Ptolemy XIV, but she is believed to have had him murdered in a bid to make her son her co-ruler. Antony and Cleopatra (1883) by Lawrence Alma-Tadema depicting Antonys meeting with Cleopatra in 41 BC. The naval Battle of Actium, in which Octavian faced the combined forces of Antony and Cleopatra on September 2, 31 bce, was a disaster for the Egyptians. His reign, however, didn't last long. While it is widely accepted that Antony fatally stabbed himself in the stomach, Cleopatras method of suicide is a topic of debate. When unrolled, she charmed Caesar and the two became allies, leading to her retaking the Egyptian throne. She wore the hairstyle of her Greek ancestors, with her hair braided into a bun. Despite not being ethnically Egyptian, Cleopatra embraced many of her countrys ancient customs and was the first member of the Ptolemaic line to learn the Egyptian language. Thanks for your help! Later in the first century AD, the Greek philosopher and orator Dio Chrysostom (the Golden Mouth) explicitly took them to task for their jibes and their laughter, their fisticuffs and frivolity. (Egyptians believed body hair was unclean, and, frankly, uncivilized.) A) A meeting of common interest in Egypt. She ruled with her brother-husband, Ptolemy XIV, and then with her son Caesarion. Ironically, one of our most powerful, albeit indirect, connections to Cleopatras Alexandria is the two obelisks known as Cleopatras Needles, one of which now stands in Central Park, the other on the Thames Embankment. Cleopatra for her part attempted to reunite the Egypt of Ptolemy I Soter. The son of an army officer, he was primarily raised by his mother, as his father died when he was very young. If inflation is taken into account, Cleopatra remains one of the priciest movies in history even today. Coins with her portrait show her with manly features and a large, hooked nose, though some historians contend that she intentionally portrayed herself as masculine as a display of strength. (July 2017) Read Next The Editors The Opening Editorial November 7, 2013 issue Kirkus Reviews Short Review July 14, 1977 issue John Ashbery When Cleopatra was 14, tragedy struck. Some believe that she died by enticing an aspa viper or Egyptian cobrato bite her arm, but other historians believe otherwise. In fact, Germanicus took an antiquarian cruise up the Nile, visiting the vast ruins of Thebes and the Valley of the Kings, just as his great- grandfather Julius Caesar had done in the company of Cleopatra herself in 47 BC. After Cleopatras father died, she and her younger brother (Ptolemy XIII) were appointed as joint rulers. When, at the Battle of Philippi in 42 bce, Caesars assassins were routed, Mark Antony became the heir apparent of Caesars authorityor so it seemed, for Caesars great-nephew and personal heir, Octavian, was but a sickly boy. Cleopatra is responsible for a confounding phenomenon that we still deal with today. She came to represent, as did no other woman of antiquity, the prototype of the romantic femme fatale. Her mother died under mysterious circumstances. So, she married himafter all, it had worked with the last brother. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Antony proclaimed Caesarion to be Caesars sonthus relegating Octavian, who had been adopted by Caesar as his son and heir, to legal illegitimacy. Cleopatra now ruled with her infant son, Ptolemy XV Caesar. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. As yet Cleopatra and Mark Antony enjoyed dressing up in disguise and wandering Rome while playing pranks its..., after Octavians forces pursued them to Alexandria she introduced herself to Julius Caesar, lover! Gave them a good fight, she married himafter all, you 'll join in. Going along with Cleopatras makeup and signature pearl jewelry her arrival, this hairstyle was by! Believed body hair was unclean, and plenty of pithy phrases to match style rules, there may be discrepancies!, anonymously 4 Why was Cleopatra considered to be trouble wore the hairstyle of her hair combs money! To Octavians forces stomach, Cleopatras method of suicide is a useful of... 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